References

  1. Liver Fact Sheet 2020. World Health Organization. Available at https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/cancers/11-Liver-fact-sheet.pdf. Accessed 23 Feb 2021.
  2. China Fact Sheet 2020. World Health Organization. Available at https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/populations/160-china-fact-sheets.pdf. Accessed 23 Feb 2021.
  3. Liver Cancer Risk Factors. American Cancer Society. Available at https://www.cancer.org/cancer/liver-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html. Accessed 14 Jan 2021.
  4. Up to 10 million people in China could die from chronic hepatitis by 2030 – Urgent action needed to bring an end to the ‘silent epidemic’. World Health Organization. 2016. Available at https://www.who.int/china/news/detail/26-07-2016-up-to-10-million-people-in-china-could-die-from-chronic-hepatitis-by-2030-urgent-action-needed-to-bring-an-end-to-the-silent-epidemic-. Accessed 14 Jan 2021.
  5. Hong Kong Viral Hepatitis Action Plan 2020 – 2024. Hospital Authority. Available at https://www.hepatitis.gov.hk/doc/action_plan/Action%20Plan_Full%20Version_PDF_tc.pdf. Accessed 23 Feb 2021.
  6. Leading Cancer Sites in Hong Kong in 2019. Hong Kong Cancer Registry. Hospital Authority. Available at https://www3.ha.org.hk/cancereg/pdf/top10/rank_2019.pdf. Accessed 13 July 2022.
  7. Li D, Sedano S, Allen R, Gong J, Cho M, Sharma S. Current treatment landscape for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: patient outcomes and the impact on quality of life. Cancers. 2019;11:841.
  8. Kudo M, Finn R, Qin S, et al. Lenvatinib versus sorafenib in first-line treatment of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2018;391:1163–1173.
  9. FDA approves atezolizumab plus bevacizumab for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-atezolizumab-plus-bevacizumab-unresectable-hepatocellular-carcinoma. Accessed 27 July 2022.
  10. Summary of opinion: Tecentriq. European Medicines Agency. Available at https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/smop/chmp-post-authorisation-summary-positive-opinion-tecentriq-ii-39_en.pdf. Accessed 27 July 2022.
  11. TECENTRIQ HK Prescribing Information. Roche.
  12. AVASTIN ROCHE HK Prescribing Information. Roche.
  13. Patient-Reported Outcomes From IMbrave150: Better Quality of Life With Doublet. The ASCO Post. Available at https://ascopost.com/issues/february-25-2020/patient-reported-outcomes-from-imbrave150/#:~:text=Patient%2DReported%20Outcomes%20From%20IMbrave150%3A%20Better%20Quality%20of%20Life%20With%20Doublet&text=For%20the%20first%2Dline%20treatment,in%20the%20pivotal%20IMbrave150%20trial. Accessed 25 Jan 2021.
  14. Cancer Expert Working Group on Cancer Prevention and Screening 2016 Recommendations on Prevention and Screening for Liver Cancer For Health Professionals. Available at https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/liver_cancer_professional.pdf. Accessed 4th May 2021.
  15. El-Serag HB et al. Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma: in whom and how? Ther Adv Gastroenterol 2011; 4: 5–10.
  16. Marrero JA, Kulik LM, Sirlin CB, et al. Diagnosis, Staging, and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: 2018 Practice Guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2018;68(2):723-750. doi:10.1002/hep.29913
  17. Wang CS, Lin CL, Lee HC, et al. Usefulness of serum des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin in detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(39):6115-6119. doi:10.3748/wjg.v11.i39.6115
  18. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma., Journal of Hepatology, Volume 69, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 182-236, ISSN 0168-8278; Sherman M. Limitations of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepat Oncol. 2014;1(2):161–163. doi:10.2217/hep.13.22.
  19. Chan, H. L. Y., et al. (2020). Elecsys PIVKA-II and elecsys AFP assays demonstrate good clinical performance for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) diagnosis across different disease stages and etiologies. In The Liver Meeting Digital Experience™. AASLD.
  20. Sheu JC et al. Growth rate of asymptomatic hepatocellular carcinoma and its clinical implications. Gastroenterology 1985; 89: 259–266.
  21. Kao WY et al. Prognosis of Early-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Clinical Implications of Substages of Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer System Based on a Cohort of 1265 Patients. Medicine 2015; 94(43): e1929
  22. Sastre J et al. Clinical guideline SEOM: hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Transl Oncol 2015; 17: 988–995
  23. Singal A et al. Meta-analysis: surveillance with ultrasound for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 30: 37–47
  24. Liver Cancer. Cancer Fund. Available at https://www.cancer-fund.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Liver-Cancer-21C-Revamp-Web_s.pdf. Accessed 13 July 2022.
  25. 患上肝癌，怎麼辦：肝癌治療方法簡介. 香港中文大學肝臟護理中心. Available at https://livercenter.com.hk/article/%e6%82%a3%e4%b8%8a%e8%82%9d%e7%99%8c%ef%bc%8c%e6%80%8e%e9%ba%bc%e8%be%a6%ef%bc%9a%e8%82%9d%e7%99%8c%e6%b2%bb%e7%99%82%e6%96%b9%e6%b3%95%e7%b0%a1%e4%bb%8b/. Accessed 13 July 2022.
  26. Treatment. Hong Kong Liver Cancer And Gastrointestinal Cancer Foundation. Available at http://www.hklcf.org/livercancer.php?id=2&pid=8. Accessed 14 Jan 2022.
  27. Liver Cancer. The Hong Kong Anti-cancer Society. Available at https://www.hkacs.org.hk/ufiles/LiverCancer.pdf. Accessed 14 Jan 2022.
  28. How Targeted Therapies Are Used to Treat Cancer. American Cancer Society. Available at https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/treatment-types/targeted-therapy/what-is.html#:~:text=Targeted%20drugs%20often%20work%20by,that%20have%20already%20been%20made. Accessed 13 July 2022.
  29. What is Targeted Therapy. Cancer.net. Available at https://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/how-cancer-treated/personalized-and-targeted-therapies/what-targeted-therapy#:~:text=Targeted%20therapy%20is%20a%20type,growth%2C%20like%20blood%20vessel%20cells. Accessed 13 July 2022.
  30. Why Immunotherapy? A Targeted Answer To Cancer. Cancer Research Institute. Available at https://www.cancerresearch.org/en-us/immunotherapy/why-immunotherapy. Accessed 13 July 2022.